What structural feature characterizes Kranz anatomy in leaves?

Kranz anatomy is characterized primarily by the presence of specialized bundle sheath cells that surround the vascular tissue in the leaves. This anatomical arrangement is typical of C4 photosynthetic plants, where the bundle sheath cells are often thicker and contain chloroplasts. The primary function of the bundle sheath cells in this context is to facilitate the biochemical reactions of C4 photosynthesis, which enhances the efficiency of carbon fixation in warm, high-light environments. This structure allows for the spatial separation of the initial carbon fixation process in the mesophyll cells and the subsequent Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cells, reducing photorespiration and improving overall photosynthetic efficiency.