What is the function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

The correct response is that Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system are responsible for forming myelin sheaths. These specialized glial cells wrap around the axons of neurons, creating an insulating layer that enhances the speed and efficiency of electrical signal transmission along the nerve fibers. Myelin sheaths are crucial for saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump from one Node of Ranvier to the next, resulting in faster communication between neurons.

While Schwann cells do play a supportive role in the overall health of neurons, their primary and most significant function is the formation of myelin. This myelination is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as it allows for quicker and more efficient impulse conduction compared to unmyelinated axons. Understanding the role of Schwann cells is vital for grasping how the nervous system operates, especially in the context of peripheral nerve injuries and diseases, where demyelination can lead to severe neurological deficits.