What is parallel evolution?

Parallel evolution refers to the phenomenon where two or more species, which are not directly related, independently evolve similar traits or adaptations as a response to comparable environmental pressures. This convergence often occurs when these species face similar challenges in their respective habitats, leading them to develop similar solutions despite their different evolutionary histories.

For example, consider how marsupial mammals in Australia (like the Tasmanian tiger) have developed features similar to placental mammals in other parts of the world (like the wolf) due to similar ecological niches. This showcases how species can diverge from a common ancestor but undergo parallel changes in response to similar selection pressures.

The other options are distinct processes in evolutionary biology. Adaptation in isolation involves species adapting independently, which is more about allopatric or sympatric speciation. Extinction due to competition relates to the competitive exclusion principle, where one species outcompetes another. Meanwhile, genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, not necessarily tied to environmental adaptations. Understanding these concepts helps clarify how parallel evolution stands out in the broader context of evolutionary mechanisms.